A human body energy balance depends on the amount of consumed food and energy expenditure. Amount of food we consume depends on one's appetite and activity of the rewarding system. Brain rewarding system is responsible for pleasure. The rewarding system is activated during eating. That is why, even if we are not hungry, we still eat for pleasure.
Energy expenditure depends on activity of the endocrine system. For example, thyroid gland hormone increases energy expenditure because more energy is released as the heat.
During the stress, glucocorticoid hormone of adrenal gland causes gluconeogenesis, a process when proteins are broken down to amino acids and the latter are converted to glucose. That is why stress increases energy expenditure.
HipothalamusThe hypothalamus is a brain area that is responsible for regulation of all body functions and system such as endocrine system, gastro-intestinal system, cardio-vascular system, reproductive system ect. Hypothalamus is comprised of many nuclei.
Hunger centre and Satiety CentreIt was found that lesion of the ventromedial nucleus (VMN) of hypothalamus increases food intake, while stimulation of the VMN nucleus decreases feeding.
In opposite, lesion of the lateral hypothalamic nucleus (LHA) decreases food intake and stimulation of the nucleus increases food intake.
It was concluded that ventromedial nucleus (VMN) is a 'satiety centre' and lateral hypothalamic nucleus (LHA) is a 'hunger centre'.( Stellar 1994 )
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Primary Pulmonary Hypertension (PPH) or Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) - Fen Phen has been linked to PPH or PAH, a condition which causes the pulmonary arteries to narrow which decreases the flow of blood from the heart to the lungs. As a result, the right side of heart is forced to work harder to pump blood through the lungs.This increased work causes the heart muscle to weaken and eventually the heart loses its ability to pump enough blood throughout the body, resulting in heart failure.
Heart Valve Disease- Fen Phen has been linked to Mitral Valve Regurgitation, Aortic Valve Regurgitation and other heart valve abnormalities.
Mitral Valve Regurgitation is a condition in which the mitral valve doesn't close tightly, which allows blood to flow backward in your heart. Left untreated Mitral Valve Regurgitation can lead to Congestive Heart Failure (CHF).
Aortic Valve Regurgitation is a condition that occurs when your heart's aortic valve doesn't close tightly. Aortic valve regurgitation allows blood that was just pumped out of your heart to leak back into it. Surgery is often required to fix the valve.
The term "Fen Phen" refers to the combination of "fenfluramine" and "phentermine."
Pondimin (Fenfluramine) was manufactured by American Home Products / Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories
Redux (Dexfenfluramine) was manufactured by American Home Products / Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories for Interneuron Pharmaceuticals